http://www.hemingways.org/GIDinfo/research.htm
Medical Research for a Physical GID Cause
Most laypeople tend to view the concept that Gender Dysphoric individuals are "born" to the condition with some skepticism. This is only natural, since the very nature of the condition manifests itself as a perceptual (and therefore appearing to be only mental) disorder. The classification of Gender Identity Dysphoria (GID) within the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses (DSM-IV) serve to support the belief that the transgender condition is a mental illness[1]. Much of the reasoning, however, for categorizing GID as a "Mental Illness" is based in science and psychology that is now decades old - beliefs which are being overturned by current research.
It has long been known that "floods" of various hormones are instrumental in the development of a fetus. What remains a vigorous area or research is to determine exactly what effects what hormones have on virtually every structure within the developing fetus. Large scale sexually differentiated structures are the easiest to observe, and the general effects of various hormones on gonadal structures have long been known. However, microstructures such as clusters of neurons in the brain, have proven to be much more difficult to observe. Coupled with that is the fact that the precise functions of neurons in brain is a field of study still in its infancy. Again, only large scale structures are known with very generalized concepts about the functions of those structures. Nevertheless, new research has shed light on the closest thing we have to "proof" that GID has an underlying congential cause.
Biologically, all fetuses start out the same, whether they will ultimately develop into male or female, the fetus contains a structure that has four ducts that can develop into male and/or female genitalia. The determining factor for "normal" development is the presence or absence of a "Y" chromosome. [ I say "normal" because there are numerous deviations from the XX/XY karotypes ] Generally, if the Y chromosome is not present, the fetus will develop as female, with enzymatic signals sent out for "floods" of Estrogenic hormones and Mullerian Hormone (which causes the Mullerian Ducts to develop into female genitalia). Without a flood of Testosterone, the other two ducts do not develop into testes and the tissue is reabsorbed. If there is a Y chromosome present, it sends out "enzymatic signals" during the pregnancy for a number of "Male" hormones. These include Androgen, Testosterone, and Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone. Testosterone is the best known to laypeople and is believed to be primarily responsible for the development of two of the ducts into testes, while the Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone prevents the other two ducts from developing into ovaries - the other ducts whither and the tissue is reabsorbed by the fetus. Androgen, it is believed, is primarily responsible for structural differentiation of neurological tissues. Because of this, Androgen is sometimes said to "hard wire" the brain to process as "male." [2] Of course there are numerous, well-documented cases where this "normal" process is interrupted or deviates, resulting in children born with Klienfelter's Syndrome, Intersexed (formerly known as "Hermaphrodites"), Turner's Syndrome, Down's Syndrome, and so on[3, 4, 5]. The deviations that cause easily observed physical deformity or mental inhibition are most readily diagnosed. However, milder forms of deviation often go undetected, sometimes for the individual's entire life. The mechanisms that cause such deviations are varied and mostly unknown, they result from genetic errors, susceptibility, environmental toxins, maternal stress, malnutrition, drugs, radiation, and probably a host of things that haven't yet been discovered.
Research carried out in the mid-1990's may have discovered just such a previously "undetected deviation" in the brain structures of transgender individuals. In 1995 the Journal Nature [6] reported on the findings in Holland concerning an area of the brain called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) region and its put it forth as a possible explanation for Gender Identity Disphoria. The BST region had long been believed to influence sexual behavior, and is known to be larger in male vertebrates, which was why the researchers compared the brains of six transsexuals to the brains of non-transsexual men and women. Although the sampling was small, the BST regions in all six transsexuals were closer to the average size observed in female brains. [I should note that there have been similar comparisons of the size of the BST region between known homosexual and heterosexual men that found them to be comparable. I could find no references to studies comparing the relative size of BST regions in known homosexual and heterosexual women, however ]. The next challenge came in determining if the size of the BST region could be altered post-natally[7]. Tests performed on laboratory rats and primates have subsequently determined that the size of the BST region is determined in utero by the presence or absence of Androgen and is not affected by hormones after birth. The BST region is basically part of the Hypothalmus, which is part of the "primitive" brain and is known to be responsible for regulation of autonomic functions, hormone production, and sexual behavior. In laboratory animal tests, where normal fetal development was purposely altered, male subjects have been observed exhibiting female mating behaviors. Upon examination of the BST regions in these animals, the male brains more closely resembled those of typical females. As this has been tested and shown among primates, it is reasonable to believe that the same processes and results would be observed in human subjects as well.[8] Of course, ethically, such human trials can't be done and researchers must rely on data collected from the population. There are two factors that are impeding human research on the subject. One is that human beings have complex sexual social behaviors that do not often tolerate deviations from the norm (unlike with animal subjects, where homosexual mating behaviors have not social or moral constraints). Transgender individuals will often conceal their true nature and even act opposite to their own instincts as a method of self-preservation. It therefore becomes difficult to identify a significant portion of such individuals and gather data. Even if individuals are identified there is the second problem - the BST region currently must be examined post-mortem by dissection of the brain. Clearly this would be an easier hypothesis to prove if researchers were dealing with a society as uninhibited as the animal kingdom and also had a non-invasive method of observing the BST region in living subjects.
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:zastava:
), imam problem. Odatle sledi da se npr. XXY uzima kao "devijacija" te da se treba lečiti operativnim putem bez ikakve konsultacije samog "pacijenta", što se i dešava.